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Cancer mortality usually results from tumor invasion of local tissues and metastases to vital organs. The cervix appears barrel-shaped with the growth pouting through the external os in the advanced stage. Chemicals were the largest group of toxicology related subjects (46 %), followed by poisonous organisms (27 %), intoxicants (17 %), environmental pollutants and hazardous waste(8 %) and warning labels of chemicals (4 %). This study was designed to determine if consumption of drinking water from one or more sources high in one or more of these chemical from Churchill county Nevada induces oxidative stress in mice. It is probable that such disturbances in coronary microvascular function contribute to the cardiac events associated with particle pollution exposure. Significant decreases in reproduction parameter concomitantly occurred in silver nanoparticle exposed C. Imprinting is an epigenetic modification of the genome that results in differential expression of maternal or paternal alleles in somatic cells. Selected compounds included acetaminophen, amitriplyline, astemizole, cervastatin, chlorpromazine, isoproterenol, troglitazone, rosiglitazone, valproic acid, propranolol, aminodarone, cyclosporine A, methotrexate, staurosporine, tomoxifen and terfenadine. Kg-1) completely reversed the D- and M-induced respiratory toxicity while an equimolar dose of MeA (5. Acute coronary syndromes without chest pain, an underdiagnosed and undertreated high-risk group: insights from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. In addition to the medications listed for patients at low risk, consider clopidogrel and some sort of imaging procedure. A time-dependent decrease in total metabolite concentration was observed in B(a)P-exposed offspring. Methods are now available to measure oxidative stress in specific compartments and in terms of oxidation of specific proteins. Gene silencing by methylation may be an important mechanism of carcinogenesis whereby critical genes normally involved in tumor suppression may be switched off. Zinc dyshomeostasis and serum zinc deficiency of diabetic animals prompted us to investigate zinc transporters in cardiomyocytes. The threshold dose for significant therapeutic efficacy was found to be 300 mg in Phase I trials. The elevated diastolic pressure observed in this study is not consistent with the elevated nitric oxide production. The chromatograph showed five distinct peaks all eluting within the first 25 minutes of the run. One type of data display format is a heat map that uses color to represent levels of gene expression (see Plate 10). The categorized data for the these models consisted of compounds determined to be carcinogenic to a specific organ and an equal number of compounds carcinogenic to (m)any other sites except the one of interest. Taken together, these data demonstrate that even though the profile of malformations produced by linuron resembles, in part, that of phthalate esters, the mechanism of action of linuron clearly differs from the phthalate esters. In addition to standard clinical chemistry and histopathology, samples were analyzed using transcriptomic (Affymetrix) and metabolomic (Fourier transform mass spectroscopy) techniques. In order to develop a new targeted therapy, a three-step approach has been proposed for development of the drug before it goes to the clinic: identify the molecular targets/pathways that drive tumor growth; create a genetically equivalent, high-incidence animal model where tumors of interest develop in their correct anatomical locations and at a developmentally relevant time; and screen for, or design, inhibitors to block the molecular pathway and test their effects in the animal models (Romer and Curran, 2005). That is, patients are randomly assigned to either a treatment group or a control group, guaranteeing that the two groups are similar. Following 3 and 5m of exposure, more changes in gene expression were observed in the olfactory bulb (85 and 72, respectively) followed by the cerebellum (35 and 45, respectively) and the midbrain (21 and 28, respectively). Each nanoparticle site on each rabbit was a different nanoparticle so that each nanoparticle was still placed on 3 different rabbits. Metabolism is perhaps the single biggest contributor to the systemic toxicity of small organic molecules.
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Describe the clinical situations for the following complications: Primary influenza pneumonia More common in persons with cardiovascular disease. D and M induced a decrease in respiratory rate resulting from an increase in expiratory time. Therapeutic nanoparticles include nanometer-sized crystals of drug, dendrimer polymers containing drugs and/or photosensitizers and other polymers housing combinations of drug and/or photosenitizers. However, these levels are not attainable through regular diet and not likely to account for the protective effects attributed to resveratrol. Thus, the method used to estimate the lipid content in a particular serum sample is important because the accuracy of the lipid analysis method can impact the accuracy of the associated serum concentrations. The treatment of Ellagic acid 24 hours before treatment showed the highest tumour-reductive response. Normal stem cells may be a main starting point for carcinogenesis in some cancers as both cancer cells and stem cells utilize, and rely on, self-renewal molecular programs. Because ZiP particles are 60 nm in length in one dimension, they can be classed as nanoparticles. Fast-growing tumors such as glioblastomas had more brain cancer stem cells than slow-growing tumors like astrocytomas. He has crossed the Atlantic and is currently a Professor and Chair at the City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute in California. Administration of recombinant human endogenous inhibitors is another anti-angiogenic treatment strategy that held much promise but which thus far has not delivered the expected results. In addition, the stability of each adduct under physiologic conditions is of question, especially for lysine as Schiff base products often require reduction for stability. Therefore, for most chapters in the text, the first half discusses the cell and molecular biology of a specific hallmark of cancer and the last half of the chapter discusses therapeutic strategies. Because of decreased insulin and increased glucagon release Why does hyperglycemia occur during acute pancreatitis In severe gallstone pancreatitis with clinical suspicion of biliary obstruction or biliary sepsis. In 2007, the Pennsylvania Governor and the Chesapeake Bay Commission proposed the Chesapeake Cellulosic Biofuels Project. Think of 10 Ps: Pulmonary bronchoconstriction (asthma) Pneumonia Pulmonary embolus Pneumothorax Pump failure (congestive heart failure) Pericardial tamponade Psychogenic Poison (carbon monoxide) Peak seekers (high altitude) Paroxysmal spasm of the vocal cords (vocal cord dysfunction) Dust mites, cockroaches, cats, dogs, and molds Trees, grasses, weeds (ragweed), and molds What are important indoor allergens Clones that recognize self too strongly or weakly are deleted or made nonfunctional and those that bind an antigen with appropriate affinity are "selected" and proliferate. Brian is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and, among other honors, has received the Medal of Honor from the American Cancer Society. Subacute endocarditis has a more indolent course characterized by fever, weight loss, constitutional symptoms, and death occurring in 6 weeks to 3 months. Quit smoking Cold or emotionally induced digital ischemia Primary thromboangiitis obliterans, cryoglobulinemia, occupational trauma, collagen vascular diseases. As in previous experiments, A23187 produced dose-dependent arteriolar dilations (1069% of maximum response). Department of Neurotoxicology, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. Others include liver transplantation, percutaneous ethanol injection, transarterial chemoembolization, and radiofrequency ablation. Studies were designed to identify endothelial cell markers and compare proliferation markers BrdU and EdU. Persistent cough, weight loss, malaise, low-grade fevers, and night sweats over several weeks. Therefore biomarkers associated with health effects by chronic exposure to iAs have been actively investigated. These drugs have a more rapid onset of action, greater potency, and are superior to clopidogrel in clinical outcomes. Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: results of a double-blind trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety. In conclusion, maternal contact to pets and domestic animals during pregnancy may be associated with reduced immune responses of their offspring. The types of cancer seen within families that carry the mutation include sarcomas, breast cancer, leukemia, and brain tumors.
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These levels can be followed to determine the activity of a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, only high dose group scores at both 48 hr and 7 days post infection were significantly increased compared to the controls. Ingredients for use in snus were tested in duplicate up to a maximum concentration of 5000 g/ml using exposure periods of both 1h and 20h. Several examples will be presented which elucidate the mechanisms of drug-induced organ injury, define species sensitivities and susceptibility to organ injury, and aid in characterizing human response. Obstructive nephropathy Obstruction from any cause in the lower collecting system (urethra, bladder neck, ureters) Sudden decrease in urine output (sometimes preceded by an increase in urine output), flank pain, suprapubic fullness Associated physical signs may include an enlarged or hard prostate, palpable bladder, or flank tenderness. Water dermal adherence factors in combination with chemical concentration data can be used to calculate the applied dose per unit area for exposure scenarios involving intermittent water contact scenarios. Transient loss of consciousness of cardiovascular origin; also known as "fainting" What is vertigo Sensory tracts or receptors, causing impaired proprioception Vestibular apparatus (semicircular canals) and vestibular nerve Where is the anatomic defect that causes peripheral vertigo Labyrinthitis (also called "vestibular neuronitis") Vertigo is positional and paroxysmal; that is, it is precipitated by specific movements of the head. Future studies will characterize acute effects on hippocampal neurogenesis and later consequences on organ cell composition and cognitive functions. Another group was treated with purified water under the same conditions and acted as a control group. The populations of tumor cells that do not accumulate these dyes are referred to as "side-population" cells. Cocaine is a powerful sympathomimetic capable of increasing heart rate, blood pressure, contractility, respiration, myocardial oxygen demand and body temperature. For example, estrogen acts as a mitogen for the breast and inhibitors of estrogen action. Additionally, we hypothesize that persons with certain inherited disorders leading to multiple cancers and chromosomal instability may present as late or disseminated tumors with meso characteristics. Risk was calculated based on the assumption that the risks of individual carcinogens are additive. Lymph node of drainage of the cervix: (1) paracervical, (2) parametrial, (3) internal iliac, (4) obturator, (5) external iliac, (6) presacral, (7) common iliac and (8) para-aortic. This will define relationships between chemicals and disease states in whole animals, and potential disease states in humans. These preliminary findings suggest a selective effect of perinatal Pb2+ exposure on H3 Ser10phosphorylation in the dentate gyrus. In contrast, many hepatotoxic treatments caused a general, though less consistent, repression of most genes in the pathway. This study describes the effect of cocaine use on cardiac biomarker expression in the urine of cocaine users compared to nonusers. Microbial products and endogenous molecules elaborated following tissue damage can activate cells through pattern recognition receptors. Cells containing 1A were most sensitive and exhibited 15 - 30% cell death after 1, or 3 hrs exposure to 5 M MeHg, respectively. Although IgA is produced in the highest quantities, IgG has higher measurable levels in the blood. Despite publicity, the public and health care professionals may fail to recognize this as a source of Hg poisoning. Natural penicillins-penicillin G, penicillin V Penicillinase resistant-methicillin, nafcillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin Aminopenicillins-ampicillin, amoxicillin Antipseudomonal penicillins- piperacillin, mezlocillin, ticarcillin What is the antimicrobial spectrum of the natural penicillins Streptococci, higher bacteria, some enterococci Added activity against some gram-negative rods; however, significant resistance has been seen with Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli. In patients with mild to moderate abnormalities of renal function, it is useful to check an erythropoietin level for confirmation. Once peak bone mass is achieved (in the 3rd to 4th decade of life), the formation of new bone lags behind the resorption of old bone, and with each successive remodeling cycle, more bone is lost. Calcium co-administration to Pb-exposed rats significantly reversed the Pb-induced alterations in these transmitters and enzymes. Mercury (Hg) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant with known neurodevelopmental effects at high exposures. Locally advanced disease is seen in 25% of patients at presentation and local disease in 45%.
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Use of marijuana for medicinal purposes is an ongoing debate in the United States, although the mechanisms by which it exerts any therapeutic benefits are not fully elucidated. Integration of divergent data sets collected on molecules in earlier stages of preclinical development is technically and scientifically challenging. Results demonstrate dramatic differences in the human plasma proteins that bind to gold and titania nanoparticles. We have focused on understanding the signals and mechanisms that modulate P-gp expression and activity in brain capillaries. The expression of specific genes can be organized into models of coordinated gene action that can be stated as testable hypotheses. Our previous studies showed that the rate of thermal inactivation for ricin holotoxin varied in acidic fruit juices and infant formulas in a pH-dependent manner. For the 50-day exposures, apolipoprotein E-null mice were exposed to one of four levels of each pollutant atmosphere, or a high level with particles removed by filtration. In this chapter we will review the structure of a gene and describe the mutations that occur during carcinogenesis. Oral allergy syndrome (food-pollen syndrome, angioedema, and sore tongue) is rarely life-threatening. Chapter 5 / Gastroenterology 275 What is different about a "fluid collection" associated with acute pancreatitis and a pseudocyst Many acute fluid collections (immature pseudocysts) resolve spontaneously and never progress to pseudocysts. After acclimation of cells through growth and maintenance phases, cells were treated for 24 hr with 0, 0. Micronuclei formation in normochromatic erythrocytes was also markedly increased in Atm deficient mice, illustrating the clastogenicity of treatment on erythroblasts. With many biotherapeutics being evaluated on a case-by-case basis there is often significant consideration that goes into selection of the highest doses to be used in a study, use of recovery groups, and the impact of immunogenicity on the outcome and interpretation of the study. A treatment-related increase in nephropathy, of minimal to mild severity, was observed in males. Cytokines are small proteins produced by activated cells that stimulate different functions, depending on what cells bind them. These studies must be extended to include more arrhythmogens and non-arrythmogens to demonsrtate both sensitiviy and specificity. Acute cytotoxicity of a series of chlorinated alkanes to Chinese hamster ovary cells was observed at concentrations similar to those that have been shown previously to be toxic to fish. The steps involved are similar to intravasation but in reverse (although there are some differences, mentioned in this section): the tumor cell must attach to the endothelial side of the blood vessel, pass through the endothelial cells and basement membrane, and migrate into the surrounding stroma. This suggests that the lung has very effective adaptive responses to limit the potential damaging effects of chronic smoking. Resolution of the debate has been difficult because the resolving power of most experimental methods is too limited to support conclusions about response at very low doses. Many studies of nanoparticles have noted a tendency of these particles to agglomerate and form larger particles in air, solution, or suspension. In the properticis of acidic mucins, amount of sialomucins was increased while that of sulfomucins was decreased. Overall, these results suggest a large margin of safety for the secondary exposure to halogenated organics in treated tapwater, wastewater, surface water, soil, and sediment derived from household drain disposal of liquid bleach. Numbers of implantations, resorption sites, live and dead fetuses, and fetal sex were recorded. Finally, the structure of superantigens, the mechanisms through which they interact with the immune system, and the nature and clinical consequences of cytokine storm will be described and reviewed. Experience is teaching us that the design of trials for molecularly targeted drugs needs to be well thought out. This type of evidence provides a good starting point but is not particularly strong evidence and may even be coincidental. The calculated Hazard Indexes were less than 1 or were comparable to mean and maximum background levels. In a postmenopausal woman, the normal endometrium should not exceed 4 mm in thickness and 10 mm in a perimenopausal woman. A complete hematological response is defined as a reduction in white blood cell count to less than 10,000 per cubic millimeter (the upper limit of a normal white blood cell count) and platelet count to less than 450,000 per cubic millimeter maintained for at least 4 weeks.
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In patients known to be intolerant of any dose of statin, treatment with ezetimibe should be considered. Using a semi-quantitative scoring system, cAg3, 10, 50, and 100 elicited nearly 100% embryonic mortality 120 h post-fertilization (hpf); cAu3, 10, 50, and 100 exposures resulted in less than 3% mortality 120 hpf. Intubate only if a reversible problem caused the respiratory failure or if the patient is close to transplant. The presence of different forms (polymorphisms) is associated with the potential for specific disease states. Additionally, a subset of control and high-dose rats were maintained for a 12 day recovery period. They also respond well to chemotherapy without interfering with future fertility and therefore chemotherapy is preferred. Growth was examined by staining cells with crystal violet two weeks post-transfection and colonies were counted. Such complex processes of toxicity pose significant challenges to toxicologists who seek to either proactively minimize potential liabilities by devising screening strategies or to elucidate mechanistic understanding of an identified toxicity. In the present study, we investigated dermis and epidermis compartments responses after exposure to different stress agents. Since excess or inappropriate signaling through S1P1 contributes to oxidant-mediated vascular disease and increased tumor angiogenesis, these findings may provide mechanistic insight into an initial step in the vascular pathogenesis of arsenic. Pharmacological therapy aims to improve organ perfusion by increasing cardiac output and blood pressure. It is clear that insulin resistance plays an early role in the pathogenesis of T2D, and defects in insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells are instrumental in the progression to hyperglycemia. The reserve cells lying beneath the columnar epithelium at this junction sometimes transform into mature squamous cells-this is known as metaplasia. These data suggest that arsenite-induced urothelial cytotoxicity and proliferation are dose responsive and the urothelial effects have a threshold. In biology, the "omics" technologies have stimulated development of computational tools that probe the biological structures that gave rise to the data. Considering the good predictivity of the models described here for organ selective carcinogenesis, we speculate that the structural information that they contain can lead to insight for organ-selective carcinogenesis. What are some of the infiltrating myocardial illnesses that occur in children that cause restrictive cardiomyopathies Angiosarcoma (30%) Rhabdomyosarcoma (20%) Mesothelioma (20%) What is the location of most myxomas Bronchogenic carcinoma, breast cancer, leukemias, and lymphomas What metastatic tumors most frequently involve the heart (endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium) Pericarditis (pain) Pericardial effusions and tamponade Atrial arrhythmias Pericardial constriction What are the common features of tumors involving the myocardium Over the study duration of 58 months, the all-cause mortality was 34% in carvedilol-treated patients and 40% in metoprolol-treated patients (P 0. Male rats did not show significant changes in body weight during the 90-day experiment, but female rats in the low-dose group showed significant body weight changes when compared with the control group from day 42 of exposure. The levels of inhibition of some of these serine esterases, such as blood cholinesterase, is routinely used, in laboratory animal experiments and in worker exposure monitoring, to assess the level of exposure and potential toxicity. Taken together, these results further support the importance of fuel type and atmospheric aging when examining the toxicity of vehicle emissions. Initially, interstitial infiltrate in apicoposterior area of lung; 20% eventually cavitate, whereas others contract, leading to scar formation and volume loss. Enriched regions were identified using CisGenome and TileMap software set at a 1% false detection rate. The zebrafish, Danio rerio, is an attractive model for toxicogenomic studies because of its low maintenance costs and sequenced genome. A dose-related toxic response in the livers was most pronounced in males and included: cytomegaly, karyomegaly and individual cell necrosis. I no longer wear contact lenses during sleep, and have an appreciation of the regulation of prolyl 4-hydroxylase. Decreased Purkinje cell number was observed in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum (control Rodent studies suggest that perinatal events could reprogram the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor for the entire lifespan, creating abnormal hormone levels and predispositions to diseases. Older ages (40 years), overweight/ obesity, strong family history of diabetes mellitus, particular ethnicities (African American, Hispanic, Native American); subtle presentation (months) with polyuria, polydipsia, and nocturia. This system was also sensitive to treatment with the biliary toxicants chlorpromazine, terbinafine, ticlopidine, and propafenone. Black cohosh is a popular herbal supplement taken by women for the treatment of menstrual cramps and menopausal symptoms. This results in altered substrate access leading to increased kinase activity and altered substrate specificity that is characteristic of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases instead of receptor tyrosine kinases.
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However, male mice exhibited slightly lower expression of sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (Ntcp), but much higher expression of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a1 (Oatp1a1). Therefore it is important to present examples of the scientific peer review process within the context of online databases and publications focusing on the toxicity and risk assessment of chemicals. The fundal growth spreads to para-aortic lymph nodes via ovarian lymphatics and also to superficial inguinal lymph nodes via Types There are two varieties of endometrial cancer. This genetic, biochemical, and cellular evidence demonstrates that these protein-tyrosine phosphatase genes are mutated in tumors and produce loss-of-function proteins, suggesting that they act as tumor suppressors. Recent research conducted on the neurotoxic or immunotoxic effects of pesticide mixtures and the mathematical approaches to predictive modeling of the resultant data will be reviewed. Caspase-8 is known as an initiator caspase as it is the first link between the receptor and the apoptotic proteases and it is key to the extrinsic pathway. After 1w of exposure, the expression of approximately 50 oxidative stress and inflammation related genes were altered in all regions. An important step in dose-response assessment is the identification of a critical effect level. Health risk assessment of chemical mixtures is frequently conducted on the basis of exposure and toxicity information for individual components. In a comparison of tumors derived from cell lines with varying capabilities for metastasis, gene expression profiling revealed the transcription factor, Twist, as one of the most differentially expressed genes. These volatile organics pose potential concern to indoor air quality of the overlying building. These findings demonstrate that cells in a microgravity environment can extend the life span of the cells so repetitive daily dosing can be conducted to assess longer exposure times for the study of nanomaterials to mimic multiple exposures scenarios in an occupational setting. The extraction of the organism was carried out in less than two hours after its collection, and immediately antioxidant was added. Carcinoma of the cervix shares similar epidemiological features to those of sexually transmitted diseases and viral infections and these are strongly linked to cancer cervix as causative agents. Furthermore, 4 day tissue samples were sufficient to predict the extent of muscle toxicity resulting in evident histologic changes after 14 days, suggesting the signature has predictive potential. Rat blank sera from 20 individual lots were analyzed for determination of negative cut off and cut point factor. These results demonstrate how the integration of refined statistical methods coupled with toxicological interpretation can generate testable hypotheses that might not otherwise have been generated. In this study, positive reactions were clearly observed, and ear thickness tended to reflect skin reaction. On the other hand, some immune responses, such as long-term inflammation, can promote carcinogenesis. These possibilities suggest that administration of Zn in obese condition may reduce inflammation and provide beneficial effects in the prevention of inflammation, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. At the hospital prior to delivery, smoking habits, socio-economic status and use of medication were assessed by questionnaire, and the status of fetal health was assessed by ultrasound. Some of these other p53 pathway disruptions may not lead to effects as severe as p53 mutation, as the p53 protein is a central node for receiving and eliciting many stress signals and biological responses, respectively, but may mimic a partial aspect of p53 inactivation and be permissive for tumor formation. Reactive carbonyls formed during aberrant glucose metabolism, reactive species generated during inflammation, nutritional deficiencies, and environmental exposures to toxins all affect cellular physiology by interfering with zinc homeostatic mechanisms. The use of echocardiography in acute cardiovascular care: Recommendations of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association. Following the acute phase, nitrates remain valuable agents to control residual angina symptoms. However, when either the natural history of the epilepsy suggests that seizures will not recur or when the diagnosis of epilepsy is not definite, then medication withdrawal may be attempted after approximately 2 years. With regard to water absorption, the colon and collecting tubule of the kidney are analogous structures. The on and off-target toxicity for currently marketed kinase inhibitors of observed toxicities of currently marked kinase inhibitors will be provided to gain a broader understanding of the complexities of kinase inhibitor pharmacology and toxicology. Abrupt onset Acutely swollen, painful joints Loss of motion or function Fever Distribution of 50% in knee, 80% monoarticular (polyarticular cases are usually associated with a risk factor) What laboratory tests are ordered for nongonococcal bacterial arthritis Missing this diagnosis leads to the risk of disseminated infection and permanent joint deformity. Risk assessment of nanotechnology applications must consider the relevance of laboratory studies for worker, consumer, or environmental exposures. All of the antigens expressed by a specific tumor are included in the whole-cell vaccine design.
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Why does malabsorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins occur with small-bowel bacterial overgrowth Attempt to correct the underlying cause, suppress bacterial growth with antimicrobial agents, symptomatic treatment with antidiarrheal medications, and correction of nutrient deficiencies Chapter 5 / Gastroenterology 237 When does inadequate mixing of gastric acid, bile salts, and pancreatic enzymes occur Fecal fat determination, plain films of the abdomen, small-bowel biopsy and aspirate, stool examination, pancreatic function tests, bile acid breath tests, the D-xylose test, hydrogen breath test, and the Schilling test A spot check of the stool stained with Sudan stain; 100 g of fat should be ingested, per day, before performing this test. Interestingly, the chemical structure of some pyrethroid metabolites indicate that they may be more likely to interact with the estrogen receptor than the parent compounds. 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